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letsdothis3 ago

Support of Front-Line Workers in Ebola Crisis - http://partnerships.ifpma.org/partnership/support-of-front-line-workers-in-ebola-crisis

Several IFPMA pharmaceutical companies have been involved in efforts to develop Ebola vaccines. For more information on research and development activities of some of these companies, refer to profiles for GSK, J&J and MSD.

GSK donated $690,000 in cash contributions for the three most affected countries: Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. These donations include $562,000 to Save the Children, a long-standing partner in the region, to scale up work with frontline healthcare workers to maintain the delivery of essential health services and tackle the outbreak of Ebola. GSK also made donations of $64,000 each to humanitarian partners, AmeriCares and Direct Relief to enable these organisations to purchase and deliver critical supplies of personal protection equipment (PPE). Alongside this, GSK significantly increased medicine donations, with donated GSK products worth more than $1,122,500 to partners AmeriCares and Project HOPE.

As well as providing humanitarian support to affected regions, GSK accelerated the development of its candidate vaccine for Ebola at an unprecedented rate, with trials now underway.

GSK fast tracked development of the Ebola vaccine with many organisations, including the National Institutes of Health in the USA, the WHO, the Wellcome Trust and the UK Government. Learning from this experience GSK closely monitored the outbreak of the Zika virus in Brazil.

..Johnson & Johnson committed to a cash contribution of $1,000,000 to help advance health care worker safety and effectiveness in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.

Novartis worked with local business operations in affected regions, committed about $1,000,000 to the Red Cross and matched amounts raised by a global donation program among employees...

Bayer made medicines with a market value of $3.2 million available to Direct Relief free of charge to treat Ebola patients in Liberia and Sierra Leone. ..

The list goes on including: Pfizer and the Pfizer Foundation; AbbVie Foundation; AstraZeneca; Merck; Sanofi Foundation; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Abbott and Abbott Fund (Key partner organizations included AmeriCares, Direct Relief, Heart to Heart International and Partners In Health); Takeda; Roche; Janssen Diagnostics

Wellcome Sanger Institute: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Sanger_Institute

The Wellcome Sanger Institute, previously known as The Sanger Centre and Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, is a non-profit British genomics and genetics research institute, primarily funded by the Wellcome Trust

Wellcome Trust and Zika https://wellcome.ac.uk/news/taking-action-zika

A biotech firm called Oxitec (opens in a new tab), which the Wellcome Trust funded for several years, has developed a genetically modified version of the male Aedes aegypti mosquito, which produces sterile offspring.

We have funded another mosquito control programme called Eliminate Dengue (opens in a new tab), which uses naturally occurring bacteria called wolbachia to curb the spread of infection.

Voat posts:

comment by @carmencita https://voat.co/v/pizzagate/3182126/18274137

Bill Gates, who recently bought 500,000 shares of Monsanto stock, is reportedly funding the approval of genetically modified mosquitoes. It seems that not only will genetically modified salmon enter the environment along with unforeseen changes, but a new self-sterilizing mosquito may be joining them...

Biotech company Oxitec submitted a draft of its plan in March to release thousands of genetically modified male Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes into the area. This is the species of mosquito that carries and transmits Zika, dengue, and other nasty diseases. But Oxitec's version of these mosquitoes come with a genetic twist: a gene that wipes out any offspring they produce with wild female mosquitoes before the baby mosquitoes reach reproductive age.

letsdothis3 ago

Related : The doublesex gene: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001706X13002209

Recent findings on the sex-determination gene doublesex from Ae. aegypti could be helpful to transfer a sex-conversion system into mosquitoes (Salvemini et al., 2011).

https://www.nature.com/articles/nn.2515

Doublesex proteins, which are part of the structurally and functionally conserved Dmrt gene family, are important for sex determination throughout the animal kingdom. We inserted Gal4 into the doublesex (dsx) locus of Drosophila melanogaster, allowing us to visualize and manipulate cells expressing dsx in various tissues. In the nervous system, we detected differences between the sexes in dsx-positive neuronal numbers, axonal projections and synaptic density. We found that dsx was required for the development of male-specific neurons that coexpressed fruitless (fru), a regulator of male sexual behavior. We propose that dsx and fru act together to form the neuronal framework necessary for male sexual behavior. We found that disrupting dsx neuronal function had profound effects on male sexual behavior. Furthermore, our results suggest that dsx-positive neurons are involved in pre- to post-copulatory female reproductive behaviors.

Downregulation of female doublesex expression by oral-mediated RNA interference reduces number and fitness of Anopheles gambiae adult females - https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-019-3437-4

Mosquito-borne diseases affect millions worldwide, with malaria alone killing over 400 thousand people per year and affecting hundreds of millions. To date, the best strategy to prevent the disease remains insecticide-based mosquito control....Alternative control technologies are in development, including genetic control such as the sterile insect technique (SIT). The SIT is a pivotal tool in integrated agricultural pest management and could be used to improve malaria vector control. ..The removal of females is an essential requirement because released females can themselves contribute towards nuisance biting and disease transmission...The doublesex (dsx) gene is one of the effector switches of sex determination in the process of sex differentiation in insects.

http://terminalirony.com/feeds/Boing_Boing/2018/10/03/

The ethics of wiping out a mosquito species Posted: 3rd October 2018 10:54am PDT by Christopher Preston The announcement from a new genetic technology had successfully eradicated a carefully contained population of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes grabbed headlines last week across the world. It not only indicated an incredible piece of science. It also opened a Pandora’s box of complicated ethical questions.

The technology works by creating a disruption to a particular gene found in the sex cells of mosquitoes. By manipulating something called the “doublesex” gene, the researchers were able to ensure a stream of female descendents possessing a biological mix of both male and female mosquito parts. These “intersex” mosquitoes are both genetically and phenotypically revolutionary.

...why are some people hesitant about the technology?

Nnimmo Bassey of the Health of Mother Earth Foundation in Nigeria is concerned about Africa becoming a “testing ground for a technology that has not been proven.” There is no airtight guarantee about the safety of gene drives.

An intervention into an ecosystem intended to extinguish a species raises a number of precautionary red flags. Ecosystems are complex with the various dependencies between species are not completely understood. New, potentially more voracious species could fill the gaps left by those that have been removed. In the midst of any engineered changes, evolution will continue. While the particular modification the Imperial College scientists made to the mosquito was chosen specifically to minimize the possibility of a natural resistance evolving, the potential for movement and mutation of genes between populations makes people nervous. Even the research scientists themselves appreciate that wild environments don’t behave as predictably as laboratory ones.