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[27. wiki: Charlie Hebdo]:

Charlie Hebdo (French pronunciation: ​[ʃaʁli ɛbdo]; French for Charlie Weekly) is a French satirical weekly magazine,[3] featuring cartoons,[4] reports, polemics, and jokes. Irreverent and stridently non-conformist in tone, the publication describes itself as above all secular, skeptic,[5] and atheist,[6] far-left-wing,[7][8] and anti-racist[9] publishing articles about the extreme right (especially the French nationalist National Front party),[10] religion (Catholicism, Islam, Judaism), politics and culture.

The magazine has been the target of two terrorist attacks, in 2011 and 2015. Both were presumed to be in response to a number of controversial Muhammad cartoons it published. In the second of these attacks, 12 people were killed, including publishing director Charb and several other prominent cartoonists.

Charlie Hebdo first appeared in 1970 as a companion to the monthly Hara-Kiri magazine, after a previous title was banned for mocking the death of former French President Charles de Gaulle.[11] In 1981 publication ceased, but the magazine was resurrected in 1992. Its current editor-in-chief is Gérard Biard. The previous editors were François Cavanna (1970–1981) and Philippe Val (1992–2009). The magazine is published every Wednesday, with special editions issued on an unscheduled basis.

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Muhammad cartoons and aftermath

2006 publication

Controversy arose over the publication's edition of 9 February 2006. Under the title "Mahomet débordé par les intégristes" ("Muhammad overwhelmed by fundamentalists"), the front page showed a cartoon of a weeping Muhammad saying "C'est dur d'être aimé par des cons" ("it's hard being loved by jerks"). The newspaper reprinted the twelve cartoons of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy and added some of their own. Compared to a regular circulation of 100,000 sold copies, this edition enjoyed great commercial success. 160,000 copies were sold and another 150,000 were in print later that day.

In response, French President Jacques Chirac condemned "overt provocations" which could inflame passions. "Anything that can hurt the convictions of someone else, in particular religious convictions, should be avoided", Chirac said. The Grand Mosque of Paris, the Muslim World League and the Union of French Islamic Organisations (UOIF) sued, claiming the cartoon edition included racist cartoons.[29] A later edition contained a statement by a group of twelve writers warning against Islamism.[30]~~

November 2011 firebombing

In November 2011, the newspaper's office in the 20th arrondissement[36][37] was fire-bombed and its website hacked. The attacks were presumed to be linked to its decision to rename the edition of 3 November 2011 "Charia Hebdo", with Muhammad listed as the "editor-in-chief".[38] The cover, featuring a cartoon of Muhammad saying: "100 lashes of the whip if you don't die laughing" by Luz (Rénald Luzier), had circulated on social media for a couple of days.

The "Charia Hebdo" issue had been a response to recent news of the post-election introduction of sharia law in Libya and the victory of the Islamist party in Tunisia.[39] It especially focuses on oppression of women under sharia, taking aim at domestic violence, mandatory veiling, burquas, restrictions on freedom, forced marriage, and stoning of those accused of adultery. It also targeted oppression of gays and dissenters, and practices such as stoning, flogging, hand/foot/tongue amputations, polygamy, forced marriage, and early indoctrination of children. "Guest editor" Muhammad is portrayed as a good-humoured voice of reason, decrying the recent elections and calling for a separation between politics and religion, while stating that Islam is compatible with humour.[40] The magazine responded to the bombing by distributing some four times the usual number of copies.[41]

Charb was quoted by Associated Press stating that the attack might have been carried out by "stupid people who don't know what Islam is" and that they are "idiots who betray their own religion". Mohammed Moussaoui, head of the French Council of the Muslim Faith, said his organisation deplores "the very mocking tone of the paper toward Islam and its prophet but reaffirms with force its total opposition to all acts and all forms of violence."[42] François Fillon, the prime minister, and Claude Guéant, the interior minister, voiced support for Charlie Hebdo,[37] as did feminist writer Ayaan Hirsi Ali, who criticised calls for self-censorship.[43]

2012 cartoons depicting Muhammad

In September 2012, the newspaper published a series of satirical cartoons of Muhammad, some of which featured nude caricatures of him.[44][45] Given that this issue came days after a series of attacks on US embassies in the Middle East, purportedly in response to the anti-Islamic film Innocence of Muslims, the French government decided to increase security at certain French embassies, as well as to close the French embassies, consulates, cultural centres, and international schools in about 20 Muslim countries.[46] In addition, riot police surrounded the offices of the magazine to protect it against possible attacks.[45][47][48]

Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius criticised the magazine's decision, saying, "In France, there is a principle of freedom of expression, which should not be undermined. In the present context, given this absurd video that has been aired, strong emotions have been awakened in many Muslim countries. Is it really sensible or intelligent to pour oil on the fire?"[49] The US White House said "a French magazine published cartoons featuring a figure resembling the Prophet Muhammad, and obviously, we have questions about the judgment of publishing something like this."[50] However, the newspaper's editor defended publication of the cartoons, saying, "We do caricatures of everyone, and above all every week, and when we do it with the Prophet, it's called provocation."[51][52]

[28. https://www.businessinsider.com.au/charlie-hebdo-new-mohammed-cartoons-2012-9?r=US&IR=T | https://archive.is/QqFJ2]:

The French Magazine Firebombed Last Year Is Planning To Anger Hardline Islamists Again Tomorrow

<supADAM TAYLOR

^{SEP 19, 2012, 4:05 AM}

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~~scan of cover for Charlie Hebdo issue dated "19 September, 2012"

Let's update the timeline:

2005:

• Sep 30: Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published 12 editorial cartoons depicting Muhammad.[19]

2006:

• Feb 9: Charlie Hebdo releases issue with front page showing a cartoon of a weeping Muhammad, also reprinted the twelve cartoons of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy and added some of their own.[27]

2010:

• Sep 8: Angela Merkel honours cartoonist Kurt Westergaard with M100 media prize. The Central Council of Muslims in Germany criticized the award ceremony.[26]
• Sep 10: A small explosion at Hotel Jørgensen in Copenhagen was described by the police as an accident with a letter bomb that was meant to be sent to Jyllands-Posten.[26]

2011:

• Feb 15: Libyan Civil War begins.[10]
• Feb 17: Commemorating the demonstrations in Benghazi on 17 February 2006 that were initially against the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons, but which turned into protests against Gaddafi, the National Conference for the Libyan Opposition plans a coordinated protest by all anti-Gaddafi groups. The ensuing "Day of Revolt" or "Day of Rage" against Muammar Gaddafi develops into the Libyan Civil War.[26]
• Mar 5: Basit Igtet founded the Independent Libya Foundation (ILF) together with New York-based businessman Adam M. Hock.[3: ref 3]
• Jun 14: President of Panama officially recognized the NTC as, “the legitimate representative of the Libyan people.”; Panama became the 14th nation worldwide to recognize the NTC in this manner.[4]
• Aug 25: Basit Igtet met with the president of Colombia to lobby for official recognition of the NTC; Colombia became the 54th nation worldwide to recognize the NTC.[3(citation needed)][4]
• Sep 4: Basit Igtet was appointed as Special Envoy to the Libyan National Transitional Council for humanitarian aid from the area of North America and South America.[3: ref 1]
• Oct 20: Muammar Gaddafi captured and killed in Sirte, Libya.[10][11][12]
• Oct 23: The National Transitional Council "declared the liberation of Libya" and the official end of the Libyan Civil War(2011).[10]
• Nov 2: Charlie Hebdo's office in the 20th arrondissement was fire-bombed and its website hacked. The attacks were presumed to be linked to its decision to rename the edition of 3 November 2011 "Charia Hebdo".[27]
• Nov 19: Basit Igtet organized an ILF delegation in Benghazi, Libya to present strategies for rebel re-integration.[3: ref 7]
• Dec 20: The U.S. Chamber of Commerce announces the formal establishment of the U.S.-Libya Chamber of Commerce, under the direction of its first president, Adam Hock.[18]

2012:

• Jan 16: Richard Griffiths appointed Vice President of the Chamber of the U.S. Libya Chamber of Commerce.[4]
• Jul 1: "Innocence of Muslims" uploaded to YouTube.[7]
• Sep 4: Arabic-dubbed version of "Innocence of Muslims" uploaded to YouTube.[9]
• Sep 11: Protests against "Innocence of Muslims" begin.[6]
• Sep 11 - Sep 12: "Battle of Benghazi"[6]
• Sep 19: Charlie Hebdo publishes series of satirical cartoons of Muhammad, some of which featured nude caricatures of him - days after a series of attacks on US embassies in the Middle East, purportedly in response to the anti-Islamic film Innocence of Muslims.[27][28]